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[\<- 04/13](04-13.md)
# Abstract Data Type
- An abstract data type is a data type whose **implementation has been hidden or abstracted away.**
- We cannot see the implementation. Instead we have to use a set of functions called the **interface**
- We say the implementation is kept private and the interface is public
Encapsulating the **data** and the **operation** on the data, and then hide them from the user
1. Declaration of data
2. Declaration of operations
3. Encapsulation of data and operations
## Data Structure & ADT
Data Structure:
- Things to care - how to organize data in memory or disk
- Examples: array; linked list;
ADT:
- Things to care
- what data
- what operations can be done on these data
- Things not to care
- how to organize data in memory or disk (It can be done through any data structure)
## Example ADT - FILE
- We don't know what a FILE looks like
- The file system are likely to change from machine to machine, e.g. MAC/Windows, 64 bit/32 bit
- We don't want our program to have to change from machine to machine, so C hides the low level details (implementation) from us. We only use an interface as declared in `<stdio.h>`
- fopen, fscanf, ...
## Implementing a SET Using Array
Pre-knowledge
1. Store string elements in an array
2. Dynamically sized array
3. Structure
# Store String Elements in an Array
## One String in C - Character Array
Character Array
|m|a|n|g|o|\0|
|-|-|-|-|-|--|
|b|a|n|a|n|a|\0|
|-|-|-|-|-|-|--|
Refer to the character array through a character pointer: `char *`
## Assert
- An **assertion** specifies that a program satisfies certain conditions at a particular points in its execution
- Common uses
- Pointers are not `NULL`
- Indices and size values are non-negative and less than a known limit
- Ex.
- p is a pointer: `assert(p != NULL);`
- Make sure to test the condition **before** the usage of the variable
## Strucutre in C
### Concept
- A structure is **a collection of one or more variables**, possible of different types, grouped together under a single name for convenient handling
- e.g.
```
struct mystruct{
int a;
int b;
char c;
};
```
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